ruhr definition ww1

It lies east of Germany’s border with France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. After much deliberation, Poincaré decided to occupy the Ruhr on 11 January 1923 to extract the reparations himself. Lernen Sie die Übersetzung für 'ruhr' in LEOs Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch. German officials and their families were hounded from the region, displaced by new institutions that answered to Paris. However, it lacked internal unity and money and so never managed to unite the right. The administration and taxation of the mining and metallurgical industries was transferred to the Inter-allied Control Mission for Factories and Mines (MICUM) and military law was imposed. ), This page was last edited on 26 February 2021, at 20:14. France; Germany; Ruhr; passive resistance, Border at Limburg an der Lahm, April 1923, Mutual Failure and the Genesis of Franco-German Rapprochement. Dessen Name erklärt sich daraus, dass die Industrialisierung im ausgehenden 18. The French and Belgians intended to use these resources to make up for the unpaid reparations. Rekonstruktion eines misslungenen Anschlags auf den Frieden, in Horst Schroeder, Gerd Krüger. Ruhr definition: the chief coalmining and industrial region of Germany : in North Rhine-Westphalia around... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The resulting Dawes Report recommended the resumption of reparations payments, but on condition France evacuated the Ruhr and desisted from interference in the German economy. Regardless the recommended status – all out annexation, prolonged occupation or a disguised protectorate –, most of the actors involved agreed that these areas should come under … 300,000 starving children were evacuated to family farms in unoccupied Germany, while in the Ruhr itself resisters and occupiers engaged in a grinding battle of attrition. Gerd Krüger, "Aktiver" und passiver Widerstand im Ruhrkampf 1923, in Günther Kronenbitter, Markus Pöhlmann, Dierk Walter (eds. The Ruhr, just east of the Allied-occupied zone, was targeted due to its pre-eminence as Germany’s coal mining, metallurgical, heavy engineering, and armaments production centre. Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für Ruhr im Online-Wörterbuch dict.cc (Deutschwörterbuch). Rhineland, area of western Germany along both banks of the middle Rhine River. They were bitter about defeat of WW1 and harsh ToV terms. The Versailles Treaty empowered the Allies to impose sanctions should Germany default on the peace terms; from an early stage France envisaged exploiting these powers to sustain its presence in the Rhineland. Histoire d’une occupation, Strasbourg 1998, p. 116. Plunging tax receipts and the cost of underwriting inoperative factories and mines destroyed Germany’s public finances and currency. The tension between France and Britain peaked during a conference in Paris in early 1923, by which time the coalition led by Lloyd George had been replaced by the Conservatives. France pursued its agenda remorselessly. The Rhenish Republic was proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in October 1923.[20]. [10] Finally, Poincaré argued that once the chains that had bound Germany in Versailles were destroyed, it was inevitable that Germany would plunge the world into another world war. France believed this reflected a deeper pattern of German bad faith, but her main ally, Britain, proved unsupportive. They made Germany instable and so were easily invaded. Germany had a large ( but not the only ) role in starting the war after it invaded France in August 1918. The Labour Party opposed the occupation of the Ruhr throughout 1923, which it rejected as French imperialism. What were 3 main points of ToV? The Ruhr Crisis (1923), Locarno and the Locarno Spring 1.6.1 The Ruhr Crisis. ): Ruhr (Germany : Region)--History--French occupation, 1923-1925, Ruhr (Allemagne) -- 1923-1925 (Occupation franco-belge). Ruhr definition, a river in W Germany, flowing NW and W into the Rhine. The Ruhr crisis fostered a transition from mutual confrontation to collaboration, as the Locarno Accords (October 1925) initiated an era of rapprochement personified by the French and German Foreign Ministers Aristide Briand (1862-1932) and Gustav Stresemann. Die Ruhr Deklination online als Deklinationstabelle mit allen Formen im Singular (Einzahl) und im Plural (Mehrzahl) und in allen vier Fällen Nominativ (auch 1. Soutou, Georges-Henri: Vom Rhein zur Ruhr: Absichten und Planungen der französischen Regierung, in: Krumeich, Gerd and Schröder, Joachim (eds. The Occupation of the Ruhr contributed to German re-armament and the growth of radical right-wing movements in Germany. Bezeichnung Dissenterie, englisch dysentery) oder Ruhr (von althochdeutsch ruora: Strömung, schnelles Fließen)[1] wird im engeren Sinne eine entzündliche Erkrankung des Dickdarms bei einer bakteriellen Infektion (Bakterienruhr) bezeichnet. While there was immediate consensus surrounding the reintegration of Alsace-Lorraine, the same was not true of the border regions located to the east of France. Meist wird der Begriff als Synonym für die Amöbenruhr verwendet. It was the scene of recurrent crises during the first half of the 20th century and was an early test of Allied resolve against Hitler’s aggression. The goal was to forge a united front of the right. Britain and the United States insisted on a temporary occupation of the Rhineland, fearing that tough peace terms would fuel German revisionism. Women paid a heavy price as orderly life disintegrated and they encountered random harassment by the occupying military. [21] Under the Dawes Plan, Germany paid only 1 billion marks in 1924, and then increasing amounts for the next three years, until the total rose to 2.25 billion marks by 1927. Auch im Ersten Weltkrieg waren die durch Typhus, Ruhr, Cholera, Fleckfieber, Blattern und Malaria verursachten Ausfälle unter den Soldaten erheblich. This came at a price, for Britain and America opposed French hegemony in Europe as much as they did German. The Ruhr was an important industrial region of Germany close to the border with France and also home to many coalfields which were vital to Germany’s industrial production and, therefore, its ability to pay reparations. It advocated policies of uncompromising monarchism, corporatism and opposition to the Versailles settlement. The total sum of reparations demanded from Germany—around 226 billion gold marks (US $917 billion in 2021)—was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission. Krumeich, Gerd / Schröder, Joachim (eds. 144 miles (232 km) long. In the face of economic collapse, with high unemployment and hyperinflation, the strikes were eventually called off in September 1923 by the new Gustav Stresemann coalition government, which was followed by a state of emergency. is licensed under: CC by-NC-ND 3.0 Germany - Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivative Works. His major goal was the winning of the extraction of reparations payments from Germany. [13], Following France's decision to invade the Ruhr,[14] the Inter-Allied Mission for Control of Factories and Mines (MICUM)[15] was set up as a means of ensuring coal repayments from Germany. Gerd Krüger, Das "Unternehmen Wesel" im Ruhrkampf von 1923. Political and social unrest bubbled up across the country, with food riots sweeping the Ruhr, alongside intimations of collaboration with the occupiers. In the climate of national resistance against the French Ruhr invasion, the VVVD reached its peak strength. Ruhr Valley synonyms, Ruhr Valley pronunciation, Ruhr Valley translation, English dictionary definition of Ruhr Valley. Approximately 130 German civilians were killed by the French occupation army during the events, including during civil disobedience protests, e.g., against dismissal of German officials. [11] Some theories[which?] The British Labour Party believed it had won when Poincaré accepted the Dawes Plan in 1924. Das Ruhrgebiet – Städte im Ruhrpott. However, the reparations settlement imposed on Germany was harsh and met with a toxic mixture of anger and despair. It originated within the Ruhr’s organised, republican labour movement, before extending to public officials and the business community, although a few right-wing paramilitary adventurers waged a more violent campaign that provoked ferocious French and Belgian reprisals. [7][8] Frustrated at Germany not paying reparations, Raymond Poincaré, the French Prime Minister, hoped for joint Anglo-French economic sanctions against Germany in 1922 and opposed military action. The last French troops evacuated Düsseldorf and Duisburg along with the city's important harbour in Duisburg-Ruhrort, ending French occupation of the Ruhr region on 25 August 1925. 2 Formen. However, by December 1922 he saw coal for French steel production and payments in money as laid out in the Treaty of Versailles draining away. To deal with the implementation of the Dawes Plan, a conference took place in London in July–August 1924. There has been considerable debate about why France decided to occupy the Ruhr and whether this occupation was warranted. Despite this, civil unrest grew into riots and coup attempts targeted at the government of the Weimar Republic, including the Beer Hall Putsch. [27] The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps commented that "The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railroad Régie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year". A region of northwest Germany along and north of the Ruhr River, which flows about 235 km westward to the Rhine River near Duisburg. In March 1921, when stalemate threatened the final terms of the reparations settlement, French and Belgian troops, with British blessing, occupied Düsseldorf and the western Ruhr cities of Duisburg and Ruhrort to bring the Germans to heel. [17][18] Some theories assert that to pay for passive resistance in the Ruhr, the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923. The British Labour Party demanded peace and denounced Lloyd George as a troublemaker. The Ruhr was a region of Germany which contained resources such as factories. [5] Particularly galling to the French was that the timber quota the Germans defaulted on was based on an assessment of their capacity the Germans made themselves and subsequently lowered. The German government under Wilhelm Cuno (1876-1933) struggled to resolve the Ruhr crisis. The Americans proposed international mediation of the reparations question, to which France reluctantly agreed. Definition, Rechtschreibung, Synonyme und Grammatik von 'Ruhr' auf Duden online nachschlagen. [22] The French, with their own economic problems, eventually accepted the Dawes Plan and withdrew from the occupied areas in July and August 1925. Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929) became Chancellor in August 1923 and called off passive resistance on 26 September. Both sides incurred significant costs and came to appreciate that a process of rapprochement might better serve their national interests. Es gibt aber auch andere Ruhrformen. By late 1922, the German defaults on payments had grown so regular that a crisis engulfed the Reparations Commission; the French and Belgian delegates urged occupying the Ruhr as a way of forcing Germany to pay more, while the British delegate urged a lowering of the payments. Fangen wir mal mit einer allgemeinen Definition zum Ruhrgebiet an: ... Es ist ein Teil der Metropolregion Rhein-Ruhr, dem über 10 Millionen Einwohner angehören und dem ein Gebiet von fast 10.000 Quadratkilometern zugerechnet wird. ): Der Schatten des Weltkriegs. Fischer, Conan: Ruhr Occupation , in: 1914-1918-online. [9] Others state that the road to hyperinflation was well established before with the reparation payments that started on November 1921,[19] see 1920s German inflation. See more. Die Ruhrbesetzung 1923, Essen 2004, p. 66. They also thought the Government had betrayed them & had no respect for them. Fall, Wen-Fall) übersichtlich als Tabelle dargestellt. [4] As a consequence of a German default on timber deliveries in December 1922, the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default, which led to the Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923. [6] The Allies believed that the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno had defaulted on the timber deliveries deliberately as a way of testing the will of the Allies to enforce the treaty. Though the French succeeded in making their occupation of the Ruhr pay, the Germans, through their passive resistance in the Ruhr and the hyperinflation that wrecked their economy, won the world's sympathy, and under heavy Anglo-American financial pressure (the simultaneous decline in the value of the franc made the French very open to pressure from Wall Street and the City), the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924, which substantially lowered German reparations payments. World War 1 began in July 1914 and ended in November, 1918. Internationally, the French invasion of Germany did much to boost sympathy for the German Republic, although no action was taken in the League of Nations since it was technically legal under the Treaty of Versailles. [28] The Dawes Plan was significant in European history as it marked the first time that Germany had succeeded in defying Versailles, and revised an aspect of the treaty in its favour. The French Premier, Raymond Poincaré (1860-1934), announced that France would occupy the Ruhr District to extract reparations. Ruhr definition,meaning, German dictionary, examples,see also 'Rührung',rührselig',Ruhe',Ruhm', Reverso dictionary, German definition, German vocabulary Die Ruhr entspringt am Nordhang des Ruhrkopfes im Rothaargebirge nur 3km von Winterberg entfernt und mündet nach 219km bei Duisburg bei Rheinstromkilometer 780 in den Rhein. Fall, Wem-Fall) und Akkusativ (auch 4. "British Policy and the Ruhr Crisis 1922–24,". [27] The British Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, who viewed reparations as impossible to pay, successfully pressured the French Premier Édouard Herriot into a whole series of concessions to Germany. France had its own size… France and Belgium occupied the heavily industrialized Ruhr Valley in response to Germany defaulting on reparation payments dictated by the victorious powers after World War I in the Treaty of Versailles. Amöbenruhr; Shigellenruhr (Bakterienruhr) [16], The Allied occupation was greeted by a campaign of both passive resistance and civil disobedience from the German inhabitants. Fall, Wes-Fall, Wessen-Fall), Dativ (auch 3. In German politics, the French occupation of the Rhineland accelerated the formation of right-wing parties. France and Belgium, facing economic and international pressure, accepted the Dawes Plan to restructure Germany's payment of war reparations in 1924 and withdrew their troops from the Ruhr by August 1925. Als Dysenterie (veraltete dt. Fall, Wer-Fall), Genitiv (auch 2. The valley served as a symbol of German military capability and, furthermore, the materials and wealth to be found in that region could be useful in rebuilding damaged parts of France. B. Amöben bei Amöbenruhr, Lamblien) oder … 1 Definition. The real issue during the Ruhrkampf (Ruhr campaign), as the Germans labelled the battle against the French occupation, was not the German defaults on coal and timber deliveries but the sanctity of the Versailles Treaty. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "Ruhr" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. General Alphonse Caron's 32nd infantry corps, under the supervision of General Jean-Marie Degoutte, carried out the operation. Economic problems 1919-23 The French invasion of the Ruhr Cause. The total sum of reparations demanded from Germany—arou… by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2016-10-14. German factory workers refused to co-operate with the occupying French and Belgian armies. The conventional view is that Paris ordered troops into the Ruhr reluctantly because the Weimar government had failed to honour the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and honour its reparationsinstalments. Ruhrgebiet bei Wortbedeutung.info: Bedeutung, Definition, Synonyme, Übersetzung, Herkunft, Rechtschreibung. [9] Poincaré often argued to the British that letting the Germans defy Versailles in regards to the reparations would create a precedent that would lead to the Germans dismantling the rest of the Versailles treaty. Peace Treaties of WW1 -background Mission: to understand the basics about the peace treaties of WW1. "The Myths of Reparations,", O'Riordan, Elspeth Y. Since the war was fought predominately on French soil, these reparations were paid primarily to France. How did the rebellions affect the Ruhr crisis? Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten Aussprache und relevante Diskussionen Kostenloser Vokabeltrainer Da nur die letzten 41,6km für Boote mit Maschinenantrieb zugelassen sind beginnt die Kilometrierung an der Rheinmündung! During 1922, Germany was wracked by a deepening economic and social crisis, prompting its government to suspend the cash payment of reparations in August. However, this obscured the enormity of his ambitions, that “by March or April Germany will fall to pieces”[1] and that they “were no longer discussing payments, France had to develop a political plan.”[2] Belgium was determined to secure its share of reparations, but its participation in the operation also reflected a desire to contain French ambitions as the occupation began on 11 January 1923. [6] The entire conflict was further exacerbated by a German default on coal deliveries in early January 1923, which was the thirty-fourth coal default in the previous thirty-six months. Passive resistance against the Franco-Belgian occupation was overwhelmingly non-violent. The Postwar Era', in Gordon Martel (ed. The 1923-1925 Ruhr occupation by France and Belgium was triggered when Germany defaulted on its reparations obligations. state that France did it to ensure that the reparations were paid in goods, because the mark was practically worthless due to hyperinflation that already existed at the end of 1922. Germany would sometimes pay reparations “in kind”, in the form of coal and goods. The Saar region remained under French control until 1935. There is also some evidence to suggest French prime minister Raymond Poincaré and his government had been plotting to occupy the Ruhr since 1919. Als Ruhr bezeichnet man eine entzündliche Erkrankung des Gastrointestinaltrakts , die durch Bakterien oder Einzeller hervorgerufen wird und mit Durchfall einhergeht. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (1919), which formally ended the war with the Allies as the victors, Germany was forced to accept responsibility for the damages caused in the war and was obliged to pay war reparations to the various Allies. Der Ruhrpott ist also viel weitläufiger als man eigentlich denkt. Initiated by Poincaré, the invasion took place on 11 January 1923. There was also French and Belgian support during October 1923 for an abortive separatist rising in the Rhineland. The Occupation of the Ruhr (German: Ruhrbesetzung) was a period of military occupation of the Ruhr region of Germany by France and Belgium between 11 January 1923 and 25 August 1925. Leaders in France quickly began thinking about the war aims of the Republic. Im weiteren Sinne werden hierunter auch Durchfallerkrankungen auf der Grundlage von Infektionen mit Parasiten (z. Sally Marks, '1918 and After. A passive resistance campaign obstructed the invaders but collapsed in September 1923. France, it briefly appeared, had triumphed, but it derived little material benefit from the Ruhr occupation and, as its own finances deteriorated, it turned to its allies for help. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (1919), which formally ended the war with the Allies as the victors, Germany was forced to accept responsibility for the damages caused in the war and was obliged to pay war reparationsto the various Allies. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. Some others[which?] Britain wanted Germany to be able to rebuild its economy so that it could benefit from the trade. [12] Eventually, this problem was resolved in the post-World War II European Coal and Steel community. In 1921, the amount was reduced to 132 billion (at that time, $31.4 billion (US $442 billion in 2021), or £6.6 billion (£284 billion in 2021). The border between the Ruhr and Germany was sealed and eventually a new French-backed currency was proposed for the Rhine and Ruhr. Die Beugung bzw. Ruhr translation in German - English Reverso dictionary, see also 'rühren',Rührei',rührig',rührend', examples, definition, conjugation The Ruhr region had been occupied by Allied troops in the aftermath of the First World War. Die Ruhr ist ein 219,3 km langer, rechter und östlicher Nebenfluss des Rheins in Nordrhein-Westfalen (Deutschland) mit einem Einzugsgebiet von 4485 km².. Der Fluss verläuft über rund 124 km auf dem Gebiet des Regionalverbands Ruhr und ist für die größte Agglomeration Deutschlands namensgebend. Ruhr synonyms, Ruhr pronunciation, Ruhr translation, English dictionary definition of Ruhr. [1], The Ruhr region had been occupied by Allied troops in the aftermath of the First World War. The war was a terrible and bloody one resulting in over 20 _____ ( 1 ) deaths. The Ruhr (/ ˈ r ʊər / ROOR; German: Ruhrgebiet [ˈʁuːɐ̯ɡəˌbiːt] ()), also referred to as Ruhr area, Ruhr district, Ruhr region, or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Von Kilometer 0 bis Kilometer 12,2 (Schlossbrücke Mülheim) ist der Fluss … Gripped by a sense of abandonment, France secured Belgian and nominal Italian support to invoke Versailles’ sanctions clauses. ), Aude Dupré de Boulois, "Les Travaillistes, la France et la Question Allemande (1922–1924),", Hines H. Hall, III, "Poincare and Interwar Foreign Policy: 'L'Oublie de la Diplomatie' in Anglo-French Relations, 1922–1924,", James M. Diehl, "Von Der 'Vaterlandspartei' zur 'Nationalen Revolution': Die 'Vereinigten Vaterländischen Verbände Deutschlands (VVVD)' 1922–1932," [From "party for the fatherland" to "national revolution": the United Fatherland Associations of Germany (VVVD), 1922–32], Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow, was forced to accept responsibility for the damages caused in the war, "Hyperinflation and the invasion of the Ruhr", "Vergangenheitsbewältigung: the 1953 London Debt Agreement", "Declaration of 9 may - Robert Schuman Foundation", "WHKMLA : The French Occupation of the Rhineland, 1918-1930", Occupation after the War (France and Belgium), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_the_Ruhr&oldid=1009116179, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Marks, Sally. Occupation of the Ruhr worsened the economic crisis in Germany,[1] and German civilians engaged in acts of passive resistance and civil disobedience, during which 130 were killed. Since the territory of the Saar Basin was separated from Germany, the supply of iron ore fell on the French side and coal on the German side, but the two commodities had far more value together than separately: the supply chain had grown tightly integrated during the industrialization of Germany after 1870, but the problems of currency, transportation and import/export barriers threatened to destroy the steel industry in both countries. With a population density of 2,800/km 2 and a population of over 5 million (2017), it is the largest urban area in Germany. Ruhr occupation, (1923–25) occupation of the industrial Ruhr River valley region in Germany by French and Belgian troops. state that the French aimed to occupy the centre of German coal, iron, and steel production in the Ruhr area valley simply to get the money.

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