canadian dialect examples

We apologize, but this video has failed to load. Cape Breton is a Canadian island belonging to the Nova Scotia province. Languages Learn more about Canada’s languages and the tools and programs in place to help protect, celebrate and strengthen linguistic duality in … In addition to the genealogical groupings outlined above, languages can also bear similarities to each other due to contact between speakers of the languages. Unauthorized distribution, transmission or republication strictly prohibited. These forms do not represent full words: Many Indigenous languages have affixes that indicate control on the part of the agent. Inuktitut, the Inuit language, has five main dialects in Canada: Inuvialuktun (Inuvialuit region in the Northwest Territories); Inuinnaqtun (western Nunav… Gitksan, a Tsimshianic language, has a number of these: ‘John is doing up (processing, cleaning, smoking, canning) fish.’, indirect evidence, based on knowledge of what generally happens. Languages generally have many varieties, or dialects, and Indigenous languages in Canada are no exception. “In Toronto, in particularly multilingual neighbourhoods, we see what’s been labelled on the internet as ‘Toronto slang,’ which are words that have been borrowed from other languages,” says Denis. The two sentences are filled with regional slang that might be hard to understand for anyone outside the GTA. The meaningful parts (morphemes) are separated by hyphens in the words shown here, with translations of those morphemes included. What’s usually referred to as Standard Canadian English is the language variety spoken byAnglophone or multilingual speakers who were born in Canada and who live in urban areas. of speakers to the south and east, a view supported by archaeological and ethnological findings. Neither American nor wholly British, it’s a robust hybrid of British Commonwealth English and cross-border influences. Algonquian languages also have two classes of nouns, called animate and inanimate. a Dene language, has 35 consonants and six vowels. Salishan languages are found in Canada and the United States. and particularly by two languages, Cree and Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe. Tlingit, and Haida share many characteristics, together with languages of a number of languages of the United States (Chimakuan languages, Lower Chinook, Alsea, Siuslaw, Takelma, Kalapuya, Coos, some Pacific Coast Athabaskan) even though they are not At the other extreme, Witsuwit’en, Sign up to receive the daily top stories from the National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. A welcome email is on its way. The video Families are sometimes classified into larger groupings called "stocks." For example, canadian pronounciation of the word 'out' is like 'e' as in 'pet' followed by 'oot' as in 'boot', sounding like 'e'+'oot'. PostPandemic: How COVID-19 is reshaping Canada, Despite cultural globalization, Canadian regional dialects are stronger than ever, "Canadians are waving the flag, linguistically. They translated the song into Mi’kmaq Algonquian, Iroquoian, Dene, Siouan and Salishan languages are also spoken in the United States; and languages that are closely related to Inuit are spoken in the United States, as well as in Siberia and Greenland. Canadians say these words like "oat", "a boat", or "hose". In terms of sounds, they range from a very small number to a large number of sounds. As the world becomes more globalized, we react by wanting to preserve our local identities through language. While previous generations of Canadians often made efforts to downplay their regional dialects – especially those from Atlantic Canada who moved Westward – younger cohorts are embracing them. Get your mind out of the gutter! Raising of both / aɪ / and / aʊ / is common in eastern New England, for example in some Boston accents (the former more likely than the latter), as well as in the Upper Midwest. Many of these languages have several more or less mutually intelligible dialects, particularly when the language is distributed over a large area. Postmedia may earn an affiliate commission from purchases made through our links on this page. Some terms – like “Timmie’s,” “mickey” and “two-fer” – may resonate with Canadians beyond Toronto, but still baffle Americans. Canadian dialect is directly influenced by the United States because of its close proximity. Canadian dialect is directly influenced by the United States because of its close proximity. Rice, K., Indigenous Languages in Canada (2020). Typically, when we think of Canadian English, we identify it by what it is not: American English (and sometimes British English). There are around 70 distinct Indigenous languages in Canada, falling into 12 separate language families. Learn how the Canadian constitution recognizes three distinct groups of Indigenous peoples with unique histories, languages, cultural practices, and spiritual beliefs. Emily Hitz is an American who lived in Canada for eight years. The language used by Quebecois reflects both their openness to the world and their strong attachment to their roots. People are really working hard to prove they’re not American.”. Most commonly, the shift affects / aɪ / or / aʊ / (), or both, when they are pronounced before voiceless consonants (therefore, in words like price and clout, respectively, but not in prize and cloud). “Yo fam, I’m going to Timmie’s for a double-double before stopping by the Lickbo to pick up a mickey and two-fer for tonight’s party. Indigenous languages in Canada show great diversity in their structures. For instance,Creeis considered to be a single language with eight or more variants spoken in dozens of communities and reserves from the Rockies well into Québec and Labrador; and Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe, with a number of dialect variants, is found in man… Canadian English is the set of varieties of English native to Canada. influential in grouping language families together into stocks. Finally, after decades of apologizing and shying away from the spotlight, it’s not only cool to be Canadian, but it’s cool to be from all the different parts of Canada. Languages of the Iroquoian family are spoken in both Canada and the United States. This phenomenon is embodied in Drake, whose rap lyrics often draw from Toronto’s linguistic fabric, such as when he says, “I know some Somalis that say we got it, wallahi” in the song “Draft Day.” Wallahi is actually a Somali corruption of the Arabic word “wallah,” essentially meaning “I swear to God.” Drake’s rise in popular culture alongside other Toronto rappers and hip-hop artists like K’naan and The Weeknd with similar linguistic diversity has rapidly expanded the use of Toronto slang from small neighbourhoods to the city at large and beyond. There have been accusations of cultural appropriation by some, and the issue was thrown into the spotlight just a few years ago when former Toronto mayor Rob Ford was captured on video drunkenly ranting in Jamaican Creole expletives. Efforts are underway in a variety of Indigenous communities to revitalize Many Indigenous languages in Canada are endangered because of a history of restrictive colonial policies such as the Indian Act and residential schools that And if so, what makes it different? On 5 February 2019, the Canadian government tabled the Indigenous Languages Act, which seeks to protect One distinctly Canadian word is poutine. For example, canadian pronounciation of the word 'out' is like 'e' as in 'pet' followed by 'oot' as in 'boot', sounding like 'e'+'oot'. If you don't see it please check your junk folder. People thought there would be this widespread standardization of languages, but that didn’t happen. Such languages are often called polysynthetic, with words composed of a string of meaningful parts. She hits on some of the ways that both General and Broad Canadian vary from Midwest American accents.. Keep in mind that any time you categorize an accent or dialect, you’re making a generalization. Click on “Endangerment” for an overview of key issues This unexpected resilience helped linguists confirm that language change requires face-to-face interaction. The term Canadian Englishis inadequate to describe the country’s linguistic variety ⁠— just as we can’t say there’s one true American, British, or Australian English. It’s aboot time, eh? Click on “More Information” for details about the status Canadian dialects are actually diverging from the American dialects that have experienced the shift, and this despite the high levels of interaction between the two countries. Become one of my students! Sabrina Maddeaux: As anyone who has traveled across Canada is aware, our country boasts several distinct regional dialects. Vocabulary. Dene languages are well known for these. Some of these languages in Canada include: Michifis a creole, based on Cree and French. Read more about cookies here. Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Some of these include: Siouan languages are spoken in the United States as well as in Canada, including Nakoda/Stoney, Assiniboine/Nakota, Lakota (Teton) and Dakota/Sioux (Yankton, Santee). (See also Indigenous Language Revitalization in Canada.). The Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca and Tuscarora group form the Six Nations. The vocabulary and grammar of Canadian English. Words in many of the Indigenous languages are typically complex, often expressing in a word what is contained in a sentence in languages like English and French. of each language. There are eight main Inuit ethnic groups: the Labradormiut (Labrador), Nunavimmiut (Ungava), Baffin Island, Iglulingmuit (Iglulik), Kivallirmiut (Caribou), Netsilingmiut (Netsilik), Inuinnait (Copper)and Invialuit or Western Arctic Inuit (who replaced the Mackenzie Inuit). Cayuga (Iroquoian family) has a small number of distinct sounds, with 10 consonants and six vowels. Listen to accents and dialects of Canada for free from IDEA, the top online archive of accents and dialects. In fact, a stereotypical Canadian is depicted as one who apologizes despite not being at fault. the languages. The vowel in ‘goose’ is a back vowel ( u:) in the Atlantic provinces, but a more fronted ( ʉ:) elsewhere. Rice, Keren. The two words - dialect & accent - are often used interchangeably, even within the accent/dialect industry. Algonquian languages inhabit the Subarctic. To a certain extent, this is true. This website uses cookies to personalize your content (including ads), and allows us to analyze our traffic. Squatch – A large, hairy, unkept man. Ethnologue offers a comprehensive database of The truth is, Canadians can spell “colour” with the "u" or without, like “color," as Americans do. pertaining to at-risk languages (top of the page). Sticker Ting, created by Toronto illustrator Tabban Soleimani, offers humorous stickers based on terms and phrases frequently borrowed from the city’s West Indian community. family). Though a small number of people know Indigenous Sign Languages, American Sign Language and Quebec Sign Language have largely replaced Indigenous Canadian raising is an allophonic rule of phonology in many dialects of North American English that changes the pronunciation of diphthongs with open-vowel starting points. The province of British Columbia is linguistically highly diverse, with languages of the Salishan, Tsimshian, Wakashan, Dene (Athapaskan/Athabaskan/Athabascan and Tlingit) and Algonquian families spoken there as well as the isolates Haida/Xaad Kil and Kutenai/Ktunaxa. Examples from Inuktitut (South Baffin variety) and Nuu-chah-nulth (Wakashan And while our neighbours to the south certainly enjoy mocking us from time to time for saying “eh” and pronouncing “about” as “aboot,” our national vernacular is a lot more varied than mere stereotypes would indicate. Please try again, 365 Bloor Street East, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3L4. Julian, and recorded by Emma and fellow students at Allison Bernard Memorial High School in Eskasoni First Nation, Cape Breton. It’s popularity (even Drake is reportedly a fan) again reflects people’s eagerness to signal unique local identities online rather than conform to a universal dialect. Due to its isolation from... Lunenburg English. ", “Canadians are waving the flag, linguistically.”, Soccer baseball or kickball? In many By contrast, central and eastern Canada are dominated by the Algonquian family American pronounciation of 'out' is more like 'ow' as in 'cow', sounding like 'ow'+'t'. took off around the world, receiving high praise from public figures, including the original songwriter, Sir Paul McCartney, as well as a tweet from the Prime Minister of Canada, Should I scoop you on the way?”. Terminal City – Another name for Vancouver, BC. In, Rice, Keren, "Indigenous Languages in Canada". What do the words you use say about where you’re from? This is a kind of fine granulated sugar used while baking to make icings. Cottage or cabin? These classifications are based on shared vocabulary, sound correspondences, word structure and other features of The pronunciation of words with "ou" is the most famous feature of Canadian English. The families given below have been well recognized by linguists for some time. The use of immigrants’ native languages by non-immigrants hasn’t come without controversy. LISTENING EXEMPLARS. A fear exists among many Canadians that our distinct dialectics and the corresponding identity we assign to them will be stripped bare in the coming years. Researchers John Wesley Powell and Edward Sapir did early classifications. Sometimes abbreviated to CanE, CE, or en-CA, Canadian English is one of two official languages in Canada (the other is French, which is the first language of 21.3% of Canadians). As anyone who has traveled across Canada is aware, our country boasts several distinct regional dialects. It is important to note that sources do not agree on what is considered a language and what is a dialect, nor on names or spellings. Click on “Endangerment” for an overview of key issues Some of the languages and dialects have very few first language speakers, and some have no known speakers. In many communities, people are working from written materials in and about the language to reclaim the language. These include Sm’algyax./Coast Tsimshian, Ski:xs/Sgüüx.s/Southern Tsimshian, Gitsenimx./Gitxsan/Gitksan and Nisga’a/Nishga/Nass. Canadian English was partly shaped by early immigrants from the UK and Ireland, but it … The Canadian accent is famous around the world, but why is it different? pertaining to at-risk languages (top of the page). Linguists classify languages into language families, or groups of languages that have a common ancestor, representing genealogical groups. "Indigenous Languages in Canada". If the above lines make any sense to you, chances are you’re from somewhere in the Greater Toronto Area. Accent commonly refers to the sound changes, whereas dialectcommonly refers to word choice and phrasing. Canadian Geographic, Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada (2018), Statistics Canada “The Aboriginal languages of First Nations people, Métis and Inuit” (Census in Brief, 2016). these lost systems of communication. situation suggests more recent language spreads relative to the West. Nishnaabemwin, a variety of Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe, has around 18 consonants, three short vowels and four long vowels. Tsimshianic languages are found primarily in British Columbia, with some speakers in Alaska. While Facebook, Twitter and Instagram may mess with our self-esteem, political leanings and privacy, the one thing it isn’t disrupting is language. By continuing to use our site, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Obviously, the language we use and the words we choose have the potential to say a lot about us, and therefore, the link between our dialects and our personal identity is a powerful one. “The closer to the American border you get in the Golden Horseshoe, the stronger the Canadian features are. Canadian slang can differ by region, but there are universal phrases that exist across the country. The languages listed here are based on the classification in Ethnologue and a variety of other sources. For example, “wagwan,” Jamaican slang for asking “what’s going on?,” is now considered an essential Toronto-ism. Welcome! Learn Canadian slang from the British Columbia. Lilloet/St’át’imcets/Lil’wat (Salishan family) has 44 consonants and eight vowels; and Oowekyala (Wakashan family) has 45 consonants, four plain vowels, three glottalized vowels and three long vowels. Across this great nation of ours, there are approximately 30-million speakers of Canadian English. It is important to know a little about the dialect of the place you are going to visit because the meanings of words can change. Canadian English is unique. Thunder VR Free download of Thunder VR available on Oculus Go (courtesy of Mammoth XR), Calgary Sun Olivia Condon reports, "Calgary-made virtual reality game teaches Blackfoot language, culture", Alberta Native News "USAY Launches Thunder VR - An Amazing Language Learning Tool". The Dene languages are thought to be related to the Yeniseian languages of Siberia. Discover several of these terms with this handy guide. genealogically related. This occurs because there’s less social regulation on social media than in other types of more formal writing, allowing users to personalize and play with language. The truth is, Canadians can spell “colour” with the "u" or without, like “color," as Americans do. We’re comparing Canadian English and American English. While Canadians might fend off globalization by reinforcing their regional dialects, the most significant evolution in Canadian English has been found in major cities with large immigrant populations. Sapir was However, according to Derek Denis, assistant professor of linguistics at the University of Toronto, such worries are completely unfounded. ‘mountain’, s-qwə́m-qwəm ‘mountain range’; cíʔiʕ’w‘to bleed’, cíʔ-cʔiʕ’w‘to bleed all over’). In April 2019, a video of Cape Breton Mi’kmaq teenager Emma Stevens singing “Blackbird” in Other features include ‘Canadian raising’, the most-widely known Canadian pronunciation feature. The singular and plural suffixes that are used depend on whether the noun is animate or inanimate: In Dakelh/Carrier (Dene family), the form of numerals differs depending on what is being counted. In 2016, Statistics Canada reported that for about 40 Indigenous languages Bogtrotter: a resident of New Brunswick, also used for residents of the other Atlantic Provinces If speakers of a language use that language infrequently for communication with speakers of a The distribution of language families, or languages with a common ancestor, is quite varied across Canada. SENĆOTEN/Saanich/Northern Straits Salish), Hailhzaqvla/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala (dialects Heiltsuk/Bella Bella, Oowekyala), fatigue-participle-genuine-a lot-be-1 person singular participle, apple-consume-want to-3 person subject. ETHNOLOGUE: CANADA Ethnologue offers a comprehensive database of This week, we’ll try to answer that question by talking to linguistic experts, sharing stories of our own discovery of differences in the language Canadians use and exploring the regional dialects that define us all. In the Northwest Coast area of Canada, languages of the Wakashan and Salishan families, jih means ‘mitts’ and jìh means ‘fishhook’ — the only difference between them is that in ‘fishhook’ the pitch is lower (marked with a grave accent) ‘than it is in ‘mitts’). and revitalize Indigenous languages in Canada. There was an error, please provide a valid email address. But some Canadian French words and expressions are local specialties. This The Canadian 'accent' can be heard most easily in the following words: out, about, house, and others with 'ou'. There’s even an iPhone app to help you communicate in Toronto slang. Some common examples include out, about, and house. Words are most accessible to speakers, and comments abound. Canadian Language Benchmarks - III Acknowledgements Canadian Language Benchmarks: English as a Second Language for Adults The Centre for Canadian Language Benchmarks (CCLB) would like to thank all of the funders who contributed to the renewal/revision of the CLB standard. While not all speakers understand all varieties of a language, the varieties are identified as a single language on the basis of linguistic characteristics. These include: There are also speakers of creole languages, or languages that arise as a result of contact between speakers of unrelated languages. British and American terms also can coexist in Canadian English to various extents, sometimes with new nuances in meaning; a classic example is holiday (British) often used interchangeably with vacation (American), though, in Canadian speech, the latter can more narrowly mean a trip elsewhere and the former can mean general time off work. Pronounced: “too-uk” or “tuke”. Canadians have the choice of spelling the American way or the British way, when creating prose. For instance, languages of this area have large numbers of consonants and many of them have tones (a difference in meaning can be marked by differences in the pitch of a word; for example, in the Dene language Tɬi̜cho̜ Yatiì (Dogrib), and the other exclusive. The Centre for Canadian Language Benchmarks is the centre of expertise in support of the national standards in English and French for describing, measuring and recognizing second language proficiency of adult immigrants and prospective immigrants for living and working in Canada. places, Indigenous language names are replacing English language names. Click on “More Information” for details about the status in Canada, there are only about 500 speakers or less. Eung-Do Cook and Darin Flynn, “Aboriginal Languages of Canada,” in William O’Grady and John Archibald, eds., Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction (2008). This is illustrated for the numbers two and three: Many languages have what are called classificatory verbs, with different verb stems depending on the nature of the object under consideration. Before we can assess the Canadian dialect, though, we need to understand how global languages become localized, and for that we need to examine the origins of American English. Canadianisms like bachelor apartment, bank machine, Chesterfield, eavestrough, grade one, parkade, runners or running shoes, scribbler and washroom are not merely words for things found only or mostly in Canada, but Canadian words for universal concepts that have other names outside Canada (compare American studio apartment, ATM, couch, gutters, first grade, parking garage, sneakers or … Toque. According to the 2011 census, English was the first language of approximately 19 million Canadians (57% of the population) the remainder of the population were native speakers of Canadian French (22%) or other languages (allophones, 21%). Eastern Montagnais: Innu-Aimûn) Naskapi, Atikamekw/Nēhinawēwin/Nehirâmowin); Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe (dialects: Algonquin, Central, Eastern, Nipissing Algonquin, Northwestern, Odawa, Oji-Cree/Severn Ojibwe, Saulteaux, Western Saulteaux), Potawatomi/Neshnabémowen, Western Abenaki, Dene/North Slavey (dialects Bearlake/Déli̜ne, Hare/K’ásho, Mountain/Shúhta/Shíhta), Western Canadian Inuktun (dialects Siglitun, Inuinnaqtun, Natsilingmiutut), Eastern Canadian Inuktitut (dialects Kivalliq, Aivilik, North Baffin, South Baffin, Nunavik, Nunatsiavut) (s. Halkomelem (Halq’eméylem, Hul’q’umi’num’, Halq’eméylem). The alternative … Is Canadian English its own language variety? Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. prohibited the speaking of these mother tongues. Whale’s Tail – … You can find the Benchmarks associated with each exemplar in the CLB: Support Kit document pages 129-132. For example, in France, you may ask someone, ça v… For instance, Passamaquoddy-Maliseet (Algonquian) and other Algonquian languages distinguish two types of first-person plural, one called inclusive On the Prairies, there are speakers of Algonquian, Siouan, and Dene (Athapaskan/Athabaskan/Athabascan and Tlingit) languages, while speakers of Dene, Inuit and For an example of some Canadian accent audio, here‘s a fairly middle-of-the-road Canadian accent and a discussion of words on YouTube. Many exhibit reduplication (St’át’imcets/Lillooet: s-q wəm Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. Derived from the Arabic language, it found its … The country's first Canadian-born governor general spoke with an extreme form of the accent called Anglo-Canadian. Now if you are familiar with French swear words, you may think this means something else. Indigenous Language Revitalization in Canada, Free download of Thunder VR available on Oculus Go (courtesy of Mammoth XR), Olivia Condon reports, "Calgary-made virtual reality game teaches Blackfoot language, culture", "USAY Launches Thunder VR - An Amazing Language Learning Tool". Languages include Cayuga (two dialects), Mohawk (several dialects), Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Tuscarora and Wendat. Example “If you’re in Calgary, Edmonton is a ‘ways-away.’” – David, Calgary. The next issue of Posted Newsletter will soon be in your inbox. It’s reassuring to note that when the words we use do shift, they do so in a way that reflects a sense of patriotism and expresses distinctly Canadian values, like cultural diversity. The Canadian 'accent' can be heard most easily in the following words: out, about, house, and others with 'ou'. If you don’t start shaving and showering more often, you’ll look like a squatch. Canada, and North America more generally, represent a highly complex linguistic region, with numerous languages and great linguistic diversity. related variety of the language, mutual intelligibility might diminish, with dialects then coming to be recognized as different languages rather than different varieties of a single language. Canadians are known to be some of the most polite, tactful, and peace-loving human beings on the planet. Ktunaxa is spoken in Canada, with some speakers in the United States as well. As per our recent discussion of Canadian accents, I’d like to delve into a question I often hear: how different is Canadian English from American English?. As anyone who has traveled across Canada is aware, our country boasts several distinct regional dialects. We encountered an issue signing you up. The primary reason for Canadians’ hard-to-identify accent is, of course, historical. With the challenges facing local media outlets and the ubiquity of mass media broadcasting from large urban centres or south of the border, a fear exists among many Canadians that our distinct dialectics and the corresponding identity we assign to them will be stripped bare in the coming years. If anything, rather than dying out, Canadian English dialects are evolving and becoming stronger than ever. The differences between French from France and French from Canada are mainly in pronunciation. The Northwest Coast of North America has long been recognized as a linguistic area where the languages are similar in some ways, although they belong to different language families. So much so, that it begs the question: What do the words you use say about where you’re from? The vocabulary and grammar of Canadian English. It’s the linguistic equivalent of travelling the world with a Canadian flag on your backpack. Justin Trudeau. I’m headed to Terminal City, wish me luck! This is a famous Canadian dish made of fries, cheese curds, and gravy. Related languages She studied applied linguistics at the University of British Columbia, where she did research for the Dialect Topography of Canada project. Indigenous communities and various educational institutions have taken measures to prevent more language loss and to preserve Indigenous languages. Listen to accents and dialects of Canada for free from IDEA, the top online archive of accents and dialects. official languages in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, while the Yukon recognizes the significance of the Indigenous languages of the territory. Indigenous languages in Canada are generally grouped into 12 families. The concentration of language families in the Pacific Northwest suggests that the West is a linguistically old area and the most likely staging area for successive migrations We’re also looking for your feedback on specific terms in your community: Tell us a word that only seems to be used by people in your region here. In addition to Tlingit, the Dene languages spoken in Canada and the United States: Languages of this family are spoken in Canada, the United States, Greenland and Siberia. Dene languages include those classified as Tlingit and Athapaskan/Athabaskan/Athabascan (often now called Dene). Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. and Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe, with a number of dialect variants, is found in many communities throughout central Canada. GUNNED OUT: In B.C., especially along the Sunshine Coast, “gunned out” is used in place of “injured.” Newfoundland, as the best example of this, is home to the most linguistically diverse English on the planet, meaning they have more ways of saying or pronouncing the same words than anywhere else. Some languages have words that indicate different degrees of proximity, as in Blackfoot (Algonquian): proximity to speaker but not to addressee, proximity to neither speaker nor addressee, proximity to speaker and proximity or familiarity to addressee, proximity or familiarity to addressee but no proximity to speaker. But around Toronto the diphthong tends to be fronted ( əbɛʊt or ‘a-beh-oot’), while in Western Canada and the Prairies it tends to be back ( əbʌʊt or ‘a-buh-oot’). Some definitions include other factors, such as specifying the variety that is spoken across central and western Canadaamong middle-class speakers from English-speaking familie…

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