human impact on the canadian shield

The French-Severn Forest is located in central Ontario on the southern part of the Canadian Shield, which is known for shallow soils, glacial till, and ancient seabeds. In recent years, management efforts have begun to reverse that trend and improve the forest. When Europeans began exploring and developing resources in what is now Canada, they found the land sparsely populated by many different Indian peoples in the south and the Inuit in the north. They occur throughout the Shield region, but are especially numerous in the highlands of Quebec and Labrador, the Ungava peninsula, northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Nunavut, and the eastern portions of the Northwest Territories. Heetgamers Heetgamers 07.01.2021 Science Secondary School Impact of Canadian shield on human life 1 See answer Heetgamers is waiting for your help. This implies a temperature gradient <8 K km−1. The forest is bounded to the east by Canada’s oldest and best known provincial park, Algonquin. Nowhere is this more evident in maps of the Shield than in Lake Manicouagan, a reservoir constructed in the 1970s and forms a circle roughly 70 km in diameter. For the minister, seeing the human impacts of this warming on her fellow Canadians has hit by far the hardest. The historic sawlog economy focused on quality log production rather than maximum fiber production. The management strategies that improve the health and quality of forests produce a significant amount of low-quality wood that is not suitable for sawlogs or veneer. There are currently no biomass facilities, such as wood pellet mills, in the area; however, this situation is expected to change in the future. Allowing for the uncertainties and requiring consistency with low-heat-flow measurements, we shall consider the range of 11–18 mW m−2. Approximately 39% of the deposits are fuel grade and 24% have good horticultural potential (ESSA 1996a). The topography of the landscape reflects the interplay between rock resistance and glacial action, with areas of relatively weaker rocks having been eroded to lower elevations while more resistant rocks form topographic highs. hi! The climate is subalpine, with a mean annual air temperature of only 1°C (Mackay 1995). Although certain parts of the Moose River drainage have been significantly influenced by anthropogenic activities, particularly in the Central Canadian Shield Forests, overall the Missinaibi represents a large undeveloped river that has been designated a Heritage River and an Ontario Provincial Park. 1990). It was a normal day, flying over the Canadian shield to visit my friends for a hiking trip. In the Moose River basin, sections of 23 forestmanagement units are harvested for timber. Heat production estimates are not lower than 0.1 μW m−3 for any crustal material (Pinet and Jaupart, 1987; Rudnick and Fountain, 1995; Jõeleht and Kukkonen, 1998). By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. This range can be taken to represent the composition of groundwaters recharged during warm-climate periods such as the present. Canada depends on its resources to survive. Calcium is an important constituent of the crustacean integument, and much of total body calcium is lost during a molt. Farming is not a large industry in the Shield, so crops are not its best resource. In Shield areas, temperatures at the Moho range between 300 °C and 500 °C and that at the base of the lithosphere is 1,400±50 °C (Jaupart et al., 1998; Rolandone et al., 2002). C. Jaupart, J.-C. Mareschal, in Treatise on Geochemistry, 2003. As shown above, surface heat flow records a large-scale average of heat production, and hence one should consider a representative crustal assemblage, and not a single rock type, such as gabbro. 21.14). It is useful to evaluate alternative ways to estimate the mantle heat flow. Pressure and temperature estimates from mantle xenoliths may be combined to determine a best-fit geotherm consistent with heat transport by conduction. Overall, 30% of the subcatchment is devoted to forestry activities, <5% is in agriculture, and <1% is urban. It should also be noted that there are eight First Nations communities (aboriginal people who are neither Métis (mixed First Nations and European heritage) nor Inuit (Artic peoples)) within or immediately adjacent to this forest and additional Aboriginal communities that are nearby. The large range in salinity (two orders of magnitude) between groundwaters near the surface and at a depth of 1,000 m is mainly due to increasing concentrations of sodium, calcium, and chlorine with depth, and the differences between each fracture zone are an indication of the limited interconnectivity of these zones (Figure 13). Tundra occupies the coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean and higher elevations in interior Alaska and the Yukon. The condition of thermal stability, such that melting conditions are not attained in the crust in the absence of tectonic events and magmatic intrusions, provides a lower bound of 11 mW m−2 on the mantle heat flow. Ontario and Quebec alone list over 12 000 lakes greater than 3 km2 in area; the number of smaller lakes is much larger (Refer to ‘see also’ section). 8 years ago. In addition to the three pulp mills, a variety of wood-processing facilities exist, including an oriented strand board mill in Timmins, sawmills in Hearst, Cochrane, Kirkland Lake, South Porcupine, and Timmins, and a plywood and veneer mill in Cochrane. Significant cottage development is found on Lake of the Woods and along the Winnipeg River from Lake of the Woods to Lake Winnipeg, which seasonally increases population to >1 person/km2. Additional potential exists within the basin for mining of phosphates, aluminum, lignite, gypsum, diamonds, gold, copper, zinc, lead, silver, nickel, cadmium, indium, kaolin, and peat. Acid rain is when the smoke from factories get into the clouds and then it rains acid. Peatlands with black spruce-sphagnum bog, and northern white cedar and black ash swamps were common in the Agassiz Lowlands (www.pca.state.mn.us 2003). Within the Shield is the outlying area of Palaeozoic rocks Pollution Of the Great Lakes. Canadians have concerns about extraction of natural resources from the Canadian Shield. Canadian Forest Service (CFS) scientists are studying many aspects of the impacts of climate change on Canada’s forests to provide a basis for future forest policy and management. Climate in the basin is cold temperate Continental with modification in the vicinity of larger lakes (Brunskill and Schindler 1971). When we pollute our air, we are also polluting the precipitation that falls into water bodies and soils. Groundwaters in fractures, faults, and the rock matrix have been sampled using a variety of techniques (Gascoyne, 2002; Ross and Gascoyne, 1995) and have shown distinct zonation with depth. For example, the terms pre-Cambrian and Canadian Shield trip so easily from 21st-century tongues that it is easy to forget that both are recent coinages. Many neotropical birds nest in the forest, while other species, such as red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) and the great blue heron (Ardea herodias), have special significance in the forest. 53–68). 19.18). Groundwaters sampled from sub-vertical fractures near the surface and in fault zones as deep as ∼500 m have δ13C values, which range between −21‰ to −11‰ and 14CDIC values between 6 pm C and 80 pm C. Except for a decrease of 14C content with increasing depth, few trends in these data can be seen. Combining the two independent arguments leads to a range of 11–18 mW m−2 for the mantle heat flow beneath the Canadian Shield. Since its borders are physical rather than political, residents on both sides of the provincial boundary lack effective structures through which they can pursue common regional concerns. The multitude of rivers and lakes in the region is classical example of a deranged drainage system, caused by the watersheds of the area being disturbed by glaciation and the effect of post-glacial rebound. Canadian Rocky Mountains Human Impact. The bioregion and the craton are not geographically identical. Unfortunately, because of the problems of contamination by modern 14C sources (e.g., the atmosphere, residual high-14C drillwater) and because of the influence of water–rock interactions, 14C is of little use in determining the residence times of the deeper, saline groundwaters. For a mantle thermal conductivity of 3 W m−1 K−1, seismic tomography data require the mantle heat flow to be >12 mW m−2 and xenolith data require it to be <24 mW m−2. The canadian atlas boreal shield how canada s mining sector impacts the canadian shield natural disasters niagara falls geology geological[...] Skip to content. There are only approximately 110 species of vascular plants in this northernmost part of North America. Barry Davidson, in Forest Plans of North America, 2015. Their chemical and isotopic character consistently indicates a prolonged residence time for these fluids in the rock matrix. so, i've really looked everywhere for the answer to this and i can't find it anywhere. Deeper groundwaters are either dilute Na–Ca–HCO3 waters or contain significant concentrations of Cl and SO4. The Moisie River basin is found primarily in the Laurentian Highlands (LU) physiographic province of the Canadian Shield physiographic division (see Fig. 1999). Martin J. Lechowicz, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition), 2013. Several groundwaters, in the depth range 50–250 m, contain significantly more than 20 TU and may indicate the presence of groundwaters that recharged during atmospheric atom bomb testing in the period 1953–1963. The Winnipeg River subcatchment drains the Superior Upland (SU) province of the Canadian Shield division and the Central Lowland (CL) province of the Interior Plains division to the south and west (Hunt 1974) (Fig. Independent determinations of the mantle heat flow may be obtained by considering the lithospheric thickness determined by seismic and xenolith studies. Faults and bedding layers in rocks tend to cause many lakes in the shield to be long and narrow. The level of mining activity is much reduced from what it was 30 years ago. W.H. Sedimentary rocks in the Pékans River tributary near Mont Wright contain significant iron-ore deposits (Lalonde et al. Many upland sites are occupied by aspen, either in relatively pure stands or mixed with balsam fir. ... and Ontarians combined live on the Canadian Shield. This can lead to a domino like effect on many populations in the park. The Innu made their home on the Shield in what is now Québec and Labrador, while the Cree, Anishinaabeg and Métis occupied large swaths of the region through Québec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Modern 3H content of precipitation is ∼15 TU. It was a normal day, flying over the Canadian shield to visit my friends for a hiking trip. There are distinct geoclimatic differences between this area and the productive farmland that can be found only a few miles to the south. It is dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) associated with yellow birch (Betula allenghaniensis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), red maple (Acer rubrum), red oak (Quercus rubra), and black cherry (Prunus serotina). The most important part of human-environment interaction in Canada is that people clean up after themselves. Mining in … Only by doing so can we hope to understand nature’s role in shaping human lives, people’s individual and shared prospects and, ultimately, even intangible and elusive ideas such as nationhood. • Describe the impact the environment of the Canadian Shield has had on human settlement.? FIGURE 21.15. These pore fluids have the same 87Sr/86Sr as the whole-rock values which is very rare in water–rock systems. The same conclusion holds for the variation of average heat flow as a function of age. The Lac du Bonnet batholith is a 2.6-Gyr-old granite on the western edge of the Canadian Shield, ∼100 km east of Winnipeg, Manitoba. deforested . We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. Crustaceans in these habitats face physiological challenges, primarily from low pH and low concentrations of calcium ions. Forest Area by Forest Unit in the French-Severn Forest in Ontario. The mean monthly temperature, as recorded at nearby Sept-Iles, Quebec, ranges from a high of about 15°C in July to a low of −15°C in January (Power 1981; Fig. The existing hydroelectric facilities range from 0.15 to 285MW in capacity (total 950MW), and the NUGs vary from 0.5 to 50MW in capacity (total 120MW). The relationship between δ2H and δ18O for local precipitation, recorded at Gimli, Manitoba, for the period 1976–1979 (δ2H=8δ18O+7.47) is close to that of global meteoric precipitation. These are areas where the crustal contribution is smallest and hence provide an upper bound to the mantle heat flow. This shrinking sea ice disrupts normal ocean circulation and creates changes in climate and weather around the globe. In high heat flow areas of the Canadian Shield, crustal rocks are at high temperatures today and were still hotter in the past when radiogenic heat production was higher. They need the trees for air, animals and land for food and farms that produce food, plants for medicine, and fresh water supply for healthy drinking water. These waters are highly saline (∼90 g L−1) CaCl2 fluids that have a unique isotopic signature. Canadian Shield, one of the world’s largest geologic continental shields, centered on Hudson Bay and extending for 8 million square km (3 million square miles) over eastern, central, and northwestern Canada from the Great Lakes to the Canadian Arctic and into Greenland, with … 1 Answer. In addition, the cool temperatures of the region and widespread coniferous forest lead to development of highly acidic soils. The diversity of tree species and forest types has resulted in a significant level of wildlife species richness. Figure 41.2. Amphibians are less diverse, usually 1–5 species in an ecoregion and occasionally more than 10; there may be 1–3 reptile species, but often there are none in a given ecoregion. The age and mineralogical composition of Shield rocks means that they are relatively deficient in calcium. The Winnipeg River subcatchment has low population density (0.6 people/km2), thousands of lakes, and an economy based on renewable energy, forestry, mining, and recreation, but remains relatively unimpacted. The craton extends as basement rock well under the central and eastern parts of the continent, but this does not affect the regional development of the modern biota. RICHARD A. CUNJAK, ROBERT W. NEWBURY, in Rivers of North America, 2005. There are also 50 nonhydroelectric water-control structures within the system; 27 are flood-control or water-diversion facilities and 23 are associated with work by Ducks Unlimited related to wetlands enhancement projects. Several of Minnesota's most famous walleye fisheries and trout streams, as well as the Voyageurs National Park and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, are found in this area. To account for the origin of the fracture-hosted groundwaters, some geochemical evidence (high Na/Ca ratios, low Br/Cl ratios and marine-type δ34S values of the dissolved SO4) indicates that basinal Na–Cl brines may have directly entered the granite through the fracture zones and slowly evolved towards calcium-dominated groundwaters over long periods of geologic time. The southern boundary of this bioregion is marked by the shift in surface geology from the ancient, crystalline bedrocks of the craton to younger, sedimentary bedrocks. Mean monthly air temperature, precipitation, and runoff for the Winnipeg River basin. The most saline fracture groundwaters in the area have been encountered at ∼1,000 m depth, and have a salinity of up to 51 g L−1. The mills underwent extensive renovations in the mid-1990s, including the installation of secondary waste treatment facilities. These barren lands, with a short, cold growing season, are relatively poor in plant and animal species. 1990). Air pollution can significantly hurt the quality of soil and water resources. The pH of the groundwaters also varies with depth. Hardwood management uses tree marking and partial cutting systems like selection and shelterwood that improve the quality, composition, and health of the forest. White pine stands are being renewed through partial harvesting (using the uniform shelterwood silvicultural system), supplemented with site preparation, planting, and tending. Most of the mines are near the headwaters of the Abitibi, Frederickhouse, and Mattagami rivers. The basin lies in the Eastern Canadian Forests and Eastern Canadian Shield Taiga terrestrial ecoregions, with upland forests typical of the Boreal Forest biome. The contemporary boreal forest in northwestern Ontario is replete with common flora, including 71 species of trees and shrubs, 11 graminoids, 40 herbs, 18 bryophytes and lichens, and 16 ferns (www.rom.on.ca 2004). Populations are concentrated in a few small towns (Kenora, Dryden, Red Lake, Sioux Lookout, Atikokan, and International Falls) devoted to forestry processing and tourism. The Canadian Shield is among the oldest on earth, with regions dating from 2.5 to 4.2 billion years. Shelterwood harvest in a pine stand of the French-Severn Forest. Some tundra ecoregions have as many as 50 mammal and 160 bird species, and from 0 to 75 butterfly species, but very few have any reptile or amphibian species. The second main forest type, eastern white pine, is commonly associated with red pine (Pinus resinosa), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), white birch (Betula papyrifera), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). Recently, it has been possible to collect pore fluids from the unfractured granite rock matrix using upward-sloping boreholes at the 420 m level of the URL. The south-eastern region is bounded to the north by Palaeozoic bedrock of the Hudson Basin, toward which the coverage by wetlands increases. Potential impacts associated with peat extraction include impacts on drainage and erosion. it has been settled. •Mineral deposits are very important to Canada’s economy because they provide jobs. Sawmills within and adjacent to the forest continue to be partially supplied by wood from this forest and receive wood from private forests as well as other management units. When the extensive areas of waterbodies and other non-forested and nonproductive forest areas are removed from the inventory, the Forest Management Plan (FMP) directly applies to about 325,000 ha (803,075 ac) of public production forest. Scientists are already seeing dramatic reductions in Arctic sea ice cover, particularly in the summertime. 19.18). The impact on the local population and business community could be compared to job losses in Metro Toronto of one million. With greater depth, Na–Ca–Cl–SO4 waters of increasing salinity are found. This conclusion is consistent with the data of Tables 2 and 3. Until the mid-1970s, harvesting focused on the bigger, better, and more valuable trees. All groundwaters lie close to this line, indicating that they are meteoric in origin. Limited markets exist for low-quality material; pulpwood is trucked to pulp mills outside the forest, and a significant portion of the harvest is used as fuelwood. The bioregion actually extends beyond the craton in northern Alaska and the Yukon, even though the bedrock in these western regions is not nearly as ancient. Please enable Cookies and reload the page. The traditional territory of the Dene and Inuit includes the sections of the Shield now covered by the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Ask Question + … Canadian Shield BY:Avneet Athwal Introduction Did you ever wonder why people live where they live? mined. The Canadian Shield is the ancient core of the North American Continent. Your IP: 51.75.125.173 There are few humans living in the Canadian Shield, yet there are mineral deposits that can be exploited for commercial purposes in addition to possibilities for hydroelectric power. Temperatures vary slightly across the basin, with mean annual values from 0.5°C to 2°C, mean summer values from 14°C to 15.5°C, and mean winter values from −12.5°C to −14.5°C. The purpose of this report is to explain why people live where they live in Canada. DAVID M. ROSENBERG, ... ROBERT W. NEWBURY, in Rivers of North America, 2005. Some natural resources are renewable, such as timber from the forest and fish from the Hudson Bay. Dilute groundwaters have the isotopic composition of modern precipitation (δ18O=−13‰ to −14‰). Over 100 boreholes have been drilled up to depths of 1 km into the granite to study variations in the geology, rock mechanics, hydrogeology, and geochemistry of the rock. Recharging Na–Ca–HCO3 waters have δ13C values of between −18‰ and −11 ‰, and Na–HCO3 and more saline Na–Ca–Cl groundwaters in deeper fracture zones have a range of −21‰ to −14 ‰, with the large majority of them between approximately −17‰ and −13‰. Commercial logging has been ongoing in the French-Severn Forest since the mid-to-late 1800s. It includes the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Quebec, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario … In some locations, shallow groundwaters have a strong chloride signature and indicate discharge of the deeper saline groundwaters at the surface. In French alpine habitats, G. lacustris and Gammarus fossarum (Koch, 1835) populations survived best when translocated to habitats with a calcium concentration similar to their source habitat. The pore fluids from the sparsely fractured gray granite are clearly unique in the Lac du Bonnet batholith and differ in a number of aspects from the saline groundwaters found in fractures. The region's climate is intimately tied to its topography, which has many exposed and rocky areas. The high 2H content of the pore fluids suggests that they could be derived from undiluted basinal brines whose δ2H is close to 0‰. Most of the Border Lakes area remains forested, with stand composition and structure similar to the original community. To attain such equilibrium does suggest a long residence time for the fluids. Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. These rocks are generally quite resistant to weathering and erosion, but have been subjected to intense and repeated glaciation. In addition, of course, they are ice-covered for much of the year. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. Lowlands are covered by rock-bound lakes, fine carbonate-rich sediments, and deep organic deposits. Mean monthly air temperature, precipitation, and runoff for the Moisie River basin. Arguments different from these have led to the same range of values in other Precambrian areas (Jones, 1988; Guillou-Frottier et al., 1995; Gupta et al., 1991). From one ecoregion to another within the Canadian Shield bioregion, there are only 100–750 plant species in tundra. The system encompasses two terrestrial ecoregions: the Western Great Lakes Forests to the southeast and the Midwestern Canadian Shield Forests to the northwest (Ricketts et al. In other words, the crustal component of heat flow varies among provinces within a single age group and is a function of age. The distribution of lakes strongly reflects patterns of rock resistance. There are usually only approximately 5–25 fish species in tundra. Still have questions? Figure 13. Below 200 m, most groundwaters lie in the pH range 7.5–8.8. Ecoregions in the boreal forest usually have approximately 20–50 mammal species, 105–185 bird species, 35–95 butterfly species, and 2060 fish species. Different boreal ecoregions have between 250 and 1250 vascular plant species that include 5–30 tree species. There are never more than 10 coniferous tree species in any ecoregion, even though conifers dominate much of the boreal landscape. The boreal forest, which occupies the more southern parts of the Canadian Shield bioregion, generally has greater biodiversity than the tundra. Is the Canadian Shield good for farming? Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. 21.15). Wetlands help clean water by trapping harmful chemicals. Early logging supplied white pine to European and emerging American markets. Add your answer and earn points. The oldest facilities are on the Mattagami River (1911, 1912, 1923, and 1931), with most of the remaining facilities constructed in the 1960s. The Canadian Shield is the traditional territory of several Indigenous peoples. This loss necessitates uptake of calcium from the environment, which occurs primarily by active transport across gills in peracarids. The remainder of the subcatchment is natural. “One of the saddest moments for me a… Provinces that are part of the Canadian Precambrian Shield, such as Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, are most affected. It is possible, therefore, that the pore fluids are actually basinal brines, derived from these adjacent fracture fluids, that have evolved geochemically and isotopically to their current composition, over periods as long as 109 yr. The pulp mills are distributed on the Kapuskasing River (380,000 tonne/yr thermomechanical pulp [TMP] mill located at Kapuskasing), the Mattagami River (170,000 tonne/yr bleached kraft mill located at Smooth Rock Falls), and the Abitibi River (310,000 tonne/yr mill, recently converted to a TMP process, located at Iroquois Falls). The Canadian Rocky Mountain ecoregion remains intact ecologically but still faces threats to biodiversity conservation, including: Past forest management practices. Cooler, wetter sites support black spruce and tamarack. Canadian Shield, a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks, that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent, is formed Shield (Geology) , Canadian Shield , Eoarchean , Archean , Precambrian , Evolution , History of … i have to finish this for a summative grade! The dominant upland species are white and black spruce, white birch, trembling aspen, and balsam fir. The forest is typified by rugged terrain, hundreds of lakes, and thousands of ponds. However, the human impact on my aspects of these parks has had a less than positive impact. Gary A. Wellborn, ... Rickey D. Cothran, in Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates (Fourth Edition), 2015. The native peoples were primarily hunters and gatherers and often were nomadic. They are less abundant in the Hudson Bay lowlands of northern Ontario and eastern Saskatchewan. Tundra diversity decreases seasonally as birds migrate to more southern bioregions for the winter. Canadian pilot Captain Anderson, flies your class to the different Regions of Canada and talk to the people who live and work there. Warmer portions of the subcatchment support red and eastern white pine and red and sugar maple. The forest is dominated by two main forest types: the shade-tolerant hardwoods and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) forests. The latest tomographic models indicate that shields do not extend deeper than 250 km, with an uncertainty of ∼50 km (S. Grand, personal communication, 2002; Gung et al., 2003). Get your answers by asking now. Forestry, trapping, hunting, and tourism are the dominant land uses, though a significant portion of the Rainy River system is used in mixed farming or grazing. Impact of Canadian shield on human life Get the answers you need, now! These information pieces will provide your students with some age appropriate information about the Canadian Shield Physical Region of Canada. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Removing the mantle heat flow leads to a range of 28–35 mW m−2 for crustal heat generation. In an experimental study, Gammarus lacustris (Sars, 1863) reared at calcium concentrations below 5 mg/l experienced lower growth and survival than individuals reared at twice that concentration, and the impact was greatest in juveniles.

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